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---- | combatant2 = Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) * KCK ---- | commander1 = Current commanders Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Ahmet Davutoğlu Hulusi Akar ---- | commander2 = Current commanders Murat Karayılan Bahoz Erdal Cemil Bayık Mustafa Karasu Duran Kalkan Zübeyir Aydar Haji Ahmadi〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=PJAK attacks along Iran borders decline )〕 Muhammad Mustafa | units1 = | units2 = | strength1 = Turkish Armed Forces: 514,850 Gendarmerie: 148,700 Police: 225.000 Village Guards: 60,000 Total: 948,550 (not all directly involved in the conflict) | strength2 = PKK: 4,000〔–10,000〔 PJAK: 1,000〔ISN (Kurdish strike reminder of forgotten war ), 26 February 2007〕–3,000〔(Iran's Kurdish Threat: PJAK ), 15 June 2006〕 TAK: A few dozen〔 Total: ~10,000 | casualties1 = 4,015 soldiers, 217 police officers and 1,335 village guards killed Total: 6,653 killed 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=28 YILIN ACI BİLANÇOSU: 35 BİN 300 KİŞİ TERÖR KURBANI OLDU )〕 | casualties2 = 22,101-29,704 killed 14,000 captured Total: 22,101-29,704 killed 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=30 yılın terör bilançosu: 35 bin 576 ölü! )〕 | casualties3 =Total killed: 45,000 〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Erdogan Rules Out Amnesty for Kurdish Rebels )〕 ---- Civilian Casualties: 5,687 killed (Turkish claim)〔 18,000 killed (independent estimate)〔 Additional 20,000 killed by unknown assailants〔 Additional 18,000 executed (independent estimate)〔 7,620 wounded (Turkish claim)〔 17,000 missing〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/MC31Ak01.html )〕 3,000,000+ displaced〔 | notes= Kurdish Hezbollah (Turkish Hizbollah) is a Kurdish Islamist political group which fought against Turkish government in the early 2000s.〔 They have, however, also fought against the PKK in the 1990s and past links with the Turkish government have been alleged. They have currently halted armed activities in what they see as a "peaceful phase". It is considered as insignificant in the conflict.〔(The Evolving Threat from Jihadist Terrorism in Turkey ), 16 February 2009〕〔Confirmed by former Minister Fikri Sağlar, Cited in () relying on the book of Faik Bulut and Mehmet Farac: ''Kod Adı: Hizbullah'' (Code Name: Hizbullah), Ozan Publishing House, March 1999.〕〔() European Court of Human Rights judgment concerning Akkoç v. Turkey case, section II, C 〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=TURKEY — Release of Turkish Hizbullah members sparks controversy over its future strategy )〕〔 | campaignbox = }} The Turkey–PKK conflict is an armed conflict between the Republic of Turkey and various Kurdish insurgent groups,〔TÜRKİYE'DE HALEN FAALİYETLERİNE DEVAM EDEN BAŞLICA TERÖR ÖRGÜTLERİ: http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html〕 which have demanded separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan,〔(【引用サイトリンク】)">url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/pkk.htm )〕 or to have autonomy〔Press TV ()〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Kurdish PKK leader: We will not withdraw our autonomy demand )〕 and greater political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey. The main rebel group is the Kurdistan Workers' Party〔Bloomberg (Sex Scandal Shake-Up Reinvigorates Turkish Opposition Party ), 23 May 2010〕 or PKK ((クルド語:Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan)). Although insurgents have carried out attacks in many regions of Turkey, the insurgency is mainly in southeastern Turkey. The PKK's military presence in Iraq's Kurdistan Region, from which it also launches attacks on Turkey, has resulted in the Turkish military carrying out frequent ground incursions and air and artillery strikes in the region, despite the fact that the United States and Iraq have warned Turkey.〔http://www.basnews.com/en/news/2015/07/25/barzani-calls-on-turkey-to-stop-attacks-on-pkk/〕 The conflict has particularly affected Turkey's tourism industry〔(PKK: Targets and activities ), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey), Federation of American Scientists.〕 and has cost the Economy of Turkey an estimated 300 to 450 billion dollars, mostly military costs.〔http://www.21yuzyildergisi.com/assets/uploads/files/87.pdf〕〔(Turkey: The PKK and a Kurdish settlement ), 11 September 2012〕 Since the PKK was founded on 27 November 1978〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Abdullah Öcalan en de ontwikkeling van de PKK )〕 it has been involved in armed clashes with Turkish security forces. The full-scale insurgency, however, did not begin until 15 August 1984, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising.〔 The first insurgency lasted until 1 September 1999,〔 when the PKK declared a unilateral cease-fire. The armed conflict was later resumed on 1 June 2004, when the PKK declared an end to its cease-fire.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=PKK/KONGRA-GEL and Terrorism )〕 Since summer 2011, the conflict has become increasingly violent with resumption of large-scale hostilities.〔 In 2013 the Turkish Government and the jailed PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan started a new process regarding the Kurdish question. On 21 March 2013, Öcalan announced the ''end of armed struggle'' and a ceasefire with peace talks.〔 On July 25, 2015, The PKK finally cancelled their 2013 ceasefire after a year of tension due to various events when the Turks bombed their positions in Iraq,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=PKK declares Turkey truce dead after airstrikes )〕 in the midst of their defense against ISIS. In 1994 the PKK was estimated to have between 10,000 and 15,000 fighters, 5,000 to 6,000 of which inside Turkey (the rest in neighbouring countries) In 2004 the Turkish government estimated the amount of PKK fighters at approximately 4,000 to 5,000, of whom 3,000 to 3,500 were located in northern Iraq. By 2007 the number was said to have increased to more than 7,000.〔TCA (), 15 November 2007〕 The PKK's leader, Murat Karayılan, claimed the group had between 7,000 and 8,000 fighters, 30 to 40% were in Iraq, and the rest in Turkey.〔(PKK rebels chief says we will fight to the death and spread to Turkish cities if we were attacked by Turkey ), 18 October 2007〕 High estimates put the number of active PKK fighters at 10,000.〔()〕 ==Background== Kurdish rebellions against the Ottoman Empire have been reported for over two centuries, but the modern conflict dates back to the Turkish War of Independence, which established a Turkish nationalist state which has repressed the human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey. Major historical events include the Koçgiri Rebellion (1920), Sheikh Said rebellion (1925), Ararat rebellion (1930), and the Dersim Rebellion (1938). The Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) was founded in 1974 by Abdullah Öcalan. Initially a Marxist–Leninist organization, it abandoned orthodox communism and adopted a program of greater political rights and cultural autonomy for Kurds. Between 1978 and 1980, the PKK engaged in limited urban warfare with the Turkish state to these aims. The organization restructured itself and moved the organization structure to Syria between 1980 and 1984, just after the 1980 Turkish coup d'état. The rural-based insurgency lasted between 1984 and 1992. The PKK shifted its activities to include urban warfare between 1993 and 1995 and between 1996 and 1999. The leader of the party was captured in Kenya in early 1999, following an international campaign by the United States, Israel, Greece, the United Kingdom and Italy. After a unilaterally declared peace initiative in 1999, the PKK was forced to resume the conflict due to a Turkish military offensive in 2004.〔 Since 1974 it had been able to evolve, adapt, and go through a metamorphosis, which became the main factor in its survival. It had gradually grown from a handful of political students to a dynamic organization, and became part of the target on the War on Terrorism. With the aftermath of the failed 1991 uprisings in Iraq against Saddam Hussein, the UN established no-fly zones in Kurdish areas of Iraq giving those areas de facto independence.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Security Council resolution 688 (1991) on the situation between Iraq and Kuwait )〕 The PKK soon found a safe haven from which they could launch attacks against Turkey, which responded with Operation Steel (1995) and Operation Hammer (1997) in an attempt to crush the PKK.〔Jonathan Fox, Kathie Young (March 1999). (Kurds in Turkey )〕 In 1992 General Kemal Yilmaz declared that the Special Warfare Department (the seat of the Counter-Guerrilla) was still active in the conflict against the PKK.〔Lucy Komisar, (Turkey's terrorists: a CIA legacy lives on ), ''The Progressive'', April 1997.〕 The U.S. State Department echoed concerns of Counter-Guerrilla involvement in its 1994 Country Report on Human Rights Practices for Turkey. Öcalan was captured by CIA agents in Kenya on 15 February 1999, who turned him over to the Turkish authorities. After a trial he was sentenced to death, but this sentence was commuted to lifelong aggravated imprisonment when the death penalty was abolished in Turkey in August 2002. With the invasion of Iraq in 2003 much of the arms of the former Iraqi army fell into the hands of the Kurdish Peshmerga militias.〔Garrett Lortz, Michael. (Willing to face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces – the Peshmerga – from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq ). (Thesis)〕 The Peshmerga became the de facto army of northern Iraq and Turkish sources claim many of its weapons found their way into the hands of other Kurdish groups such as the PKK and the PJAK (a PKK offshoot which operates against Iran).〔 〕 This has been the pretext for numerous Turkish attacks on the Kurdistan region of Iraq. In June 2007, Turkey estimated there to be over 3,000 PKK fighters in Iraqi Kurdistan.〔(NATO Sec-Gen arrives in Ankara to urge restraint against Iraq-based PKK rebels ), ''DEBKAfile''. 15 June 2007.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Turkey–PKK conflict」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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